All people in the town were so kind that when I entered a cafeteria, they spoke to me in the local language not caring if I understood them. I translated what they said by using my smartphone, then I found that they were caring me.
There are many different English lingua franca contexts in the world, (a) but they are all marked by various levels of competencies in the language among speakers. Language ideological frameworks position one variety, most commonly the 'Standard', as superior and dominant. The coexistence of such a Standard English alongside non-Standard and lingua franca forms (b) create complex power dynamics which are often racialized. We would be ignoring reality if an analysis of English lingua franca contexts (c) were to exclude interactions where monolingual native speakers interact with bilinguals and poor English speakers. My own conceptualization of lingua franca interaction (d) is, to some extent, a type of communication characterized by much sociolinguistic variation (e) which serves as the platform of interaction by a group of English speakers with diverse levels of competencies.
[!END]
[!INFO] 2025_toshin_3: Q21
Great Nicobar Island in the Northern Indian Ocean is (a) one of the most pristine places on Earth. It is important for its biodiversity conservation. (b) The beach on the island's southern end feature the largest nesting site in the region for endangered Leatherback sea turtles. More than 2,500 species of the island's plants and animals (c) have been recorded. Of these, 17 percent can only be found there. (d) Its waters, only partially explored by scientists, contain pristine coral reefs with 273 types of stony coral and 256 fish species. The island is also (e) home to tribal groups such as the Great Nicobarese, the Andamans, and the elusive Shompen.
[!END]
[!INFO] 2024_open_2 : Q23
Then (a) came to a fateful day when Gopnik (b) made a fancy dessert, pineapple in kirsch, for a dinner party she was hosting. Her two-year-old son (c) had a taste of it and made a terrible face. "Then (d) for weeks afterward, completely out of the blue, he would turn to me and say; 'Mommy, pineapple is yummy for you, but it's yucky for me.'" Gopnik (e) turned her son's comment into an experiment, the broccoli and goldfish paradigm.
This view of learning may seem counterintuitive. It suggests that each human baby's brain potentially (a) contains all the languages of the world, all the objects, all the faces, and all the tools that it will ever encounter, (b) in addition to all the words, all the facts, and all the events that it will ever remember. The combinational analyses of the brain (c) are such that all these objects of thought are potentially already there, along with their (d) respective preexisting probabilities, as well as (e) the ability to update it when experience says that they need to be revised. Is this how a baby learns?
[!END]
[!INFO] 2024_open_2 : Q24
Gopnik gave fourteen- and eighteen-month-old babies bowls of raw broccoli and Pepperidge Farm Goldfish Crackers and (a) had them try some of each. (b) They all liked the crackers more than the broccoli. Then Gopnik's researcher, Betty Repacholi, (c) took a bit of food from each of the bowl and made (d) either a disgusted face or a happy face. Half the time Repacholi made a disgusted face with the crackers and a happy face with the broccoli, and (e) the other half of the time it was reversed.
[!END]
[!INFO] 2023_realbattle_1: Q24
(a) The liberalism that the Mills advocated is what we enjoy today as we walk down the street and (b) greet a great variety of social types. It's what we enjoy when we get on the internet and (c) throw us into the messy clash of ideas. It is this liberalism (d) that we defend when we back one country in a fight against another, or when we stand up to authoritarians on the right and the left, (e) to those who would impose speech codes, ban books, and subvert elections.
[!END]
代名詞が指しているものの単数/複数が違ったり、あとは何か他のものを指す名詞の単数/複数をswapするパターン。何を指しているか還元する作業を行うと気づけるが、意外と気付きずらい. あと one of ... nounsとかいう古典的なギャグも1回出てる。あと冠詞について有無が正解になったことは(調べた範囲だと)ない. ルアーパターン(fake 異変)の傾向は次の記事で解説する.
あと2番目の再帰代名詞のパターンはなぜか2つあったから入れたが、激レアな感じはする.
[!WARN-] 答え
1問目: (e) update it → update them (前にitを指すような単数名詞はなく, probabilityを指している)
2問目: (c) each of the bowl → each of the bowls (それぞれのボウル(2つ)から取る)
3問目: (c) throw us → throw ourselves
[!END]
A1-3 時制 : TENCE_ASPECT
出現率 : 約10%
見つけやすさ : 簡単
対処方法 : 文法知識
[!NOTE] 時制 の異変パターン
have(過去分詞) の使い方が矛盾している (過去一点のことなのにhaveになっている)
時制の一致が強制されているところでしていない(例なし)
[!END]
[!info] 2025_toshin_1 Q25
Years ago, (a) culture ministry officials have declared the work of national importance, (b) meaning that it cannot leave Italy except on loan. (c) In the case of a sale, the culture ministry (d) has the right of first refusal to match the sale price and (e) buy the piece for the Italian state.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_pre_1 Q25
But experts are now advocating (a) a shift from suppressing to managing fires through better land management. This includes making sure that landscapes include (b) breaks that fires cannot cross. In 2017, four large wildfires killed 65 people in Portugal, (c) the deadliest in its history. The country subsequently decided to prioritize land management, including the creation of buffer zones and the setting of deliberate fires during the winter, (d) when they can be controlled. Portugal (e) had not suffered a disastrous blaze since.
1問目 : (a) have declared → declared ( Years agoという一点とhaveは両立しない)
2問目 : (e) had not suffered → has not suffered (since(それ以来今までずっと)と一致するのはhas)
[!end]
A1-4 語順 : WORD_ORDER
出現率 : 約10%
見つけやすさ : 簡単
対処方法 : 違和感/文法の勉強?
[!NOTE] 語順 の異変パターン
語順が(文法的に)おかしい
[!END]
[!INFO] 2025_UT Q25
(a) These "problems of collective life" influence games, for example, through end-user license agreements and informal time limits. Additionally, gameplay (b) is also constrained by material reality. The insecure pile of sticks and the shaking human hands (c) trying to pick up them are both (d) constraints that limit player action, establishing the affordances that (e) make it possible for the player to perform meaningful game actions.
1問目 : (c) pick up them → pick them up (代名詞目的語は句動詞の間に挿入らしい)
[!END]
A1-5 よくある文法 : BASIC_GRAMMAR
出現率 : ?
見つけやすさ : 簡単~意外と難しい
対処方法 : 違和感 / 文法知識
[!NOTE] よくある文法 の異変パターン
基本的な文法で違うところ。 (要するに、どこにも分類しずらいがみんな気づけそうな文法の知識)
[!END]
[!info] 2025_toshin_2 Q23
It's worthwhile (a) to dig a bit into often heard health maxims (b) before accepting them literally. You can sometimes find (c) a nugget of truth that has become seriously exaggerated, or you discover that a claim (d) stems from outdated and poorly applied evidence. (e) The later is what happened with a famous and specious claim about female fertility.
[!end]
[!info] 2025_open_1 Q21
A decade ago (a) humanity sent around 200 objects into space per year. Now we launch more than 2,600, (b) with no prospects for slowing down. This rapid expansion of human activity in outer space (c) has filled Earth's orbit with space trash, from dead satellites to used-up rocket parts. (d) The region is already too crowded that working satellites run the risk of colliding with bits of garbage from previous generations of spacecraft. Since its launch in 1998, even the International Space Station has had to (e) adjust its orbit at least 39 times to dodge space debris; yet, despite requiring precise calculations, these avoidance measures cannot eliminate all risks of potentially disastrous collisions.
[!end]
[!INFO] 2025_pre_1 Q24
A wealth of research in biology suggests that 'control' and 'information' are not restricted at the 'top' but (a) present throughout the cell. The cellular organelles do not just form a linear 'assembly line' but (b) interact with each other in complex ways. (c) Nor is the cell obsessed with the economically significant work of 'manufacturing' that the metaphor of 'factory' (d) would have us to believe. Instead, much of the work that the cell does (e) can be thought of as maintaining itself and taking 'care' of other cells.
3問目 : (d) would have us to believe → would have us believe (have は O + V, get が O + to V.)
[!END]
A2 : よくスワップされがちなもの
A2-1 能動/受動 ACTIVE_PASSIVE
出現率 : 約70%
見つけやすさ : 比較的簡単
対処方法 : 作業 / その部分だけ和訳
[!NOTE] 能動態/受動態 の異変パターン
能動態←→受動態を入れ替える. そのうち, have ...ed でぼかされているもの, あとはA2-2の分詞形容詞などとかに擬態しているものなどがある
[!END]
[!info] 2023_UT Q22
English as a lingua franca(世界共通語) (a) has often portrayed as a 'neutral' medium between people who speak a different first language. In South Africa, (b) English is far from a generally 'neutral' medium and I examine precisely (c) the non-neutral and ambiguous nature of the way South Africans speak, hear, write, perceive, and (d) interpret English ways of speaking in a lingua franca context. In fact, my major argument is that ambiguity is (e) the least disputed, most defining, and yet insufficiently acknowledged feature of English as a lingua franca in the South African context.
[!end]
[!info] 2023_realbattle Q21
In October of 1858, John Stuart Mill and his wife, Harriet, were traveling near Avignon, France. She (a) developed a cough, which seemed like just a minor inconvenience, (b) until it got worse. Soon Harriet (c) was suffered from great pain, not able to sleep or even lie down. Mill desperately wrote to a doctor in Nice, (d) begging him to come see her. Three days later (e) her condition had worsened further, and Mill telegraphed his fears to his stepdaughter. Harriet died in their hotel room on November 3.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_UT Q22
In April 2023, a group of neuroscientists led by Irena Arslanova of Royal Holloway, University of London, (a) reported that time perception changes (b) with each heartbeat. In their experiment, 28 people (c) learned to distinguish the duration of (d) two visual or two auditory stimuli. For example, the study participants looked at two shapes or heard two distinct tones. One item or sound from each pair (e) presented for 200 milliseconds, and the other lasted for 400 milliseconds.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_toshin_1 Q25
We may consult our conscience (a) when winning a game conflicts with fairness, as when a baseball pitcher considers beaning((打者の)頭部を狙って投球する) a star player (b) with a fastball to put him out of the game. Or when (c) one is tempted to sacrifice loyalty for honesty, as a staff member might lie (d) to shield his boss from a charge of conspiracy(陰謀). In 1975, White House counsel John Ehrlichman lied out of longtime loyalty to President Richard Nixon, which he later (e) came to regret when convicted of perjury(偽証).
1問目 : (a) has often portrayed as → has often been portrayed as . "共通語としての英語はしばしば...と描かれて(X 描いて)きた"
2問目 : (c) was suffered from → was suffering from "ひどい痛みに「苦しめられた」（×）→苦しんでいた（○）"
3問目 : (e) presented → was presented "各ペアの一方は200ms提示された"
4問目 : (e) when convicted of → when he was convicted of "のちに偽証罪で有罪となった(X有罪とした)際に後悔することになった"
[!end]
能動態から受動態にするやつが多いですね。2問目は逆ですが
A2-2 形容詞/副詞 ADJ_ADV_FORM
出現率 : 約60%
見つけやすさ : 比較的簡単
対処方法 : 作業 / その部分だけ和訳
[!NOTE] 形容詞/副詞 の異変パターン
形容詞と副詞を取り違えられている.
分詞形容詞の...ingと...edを逆にしている.
形容詞の意味が違う(例なし) (→B-5 LEXICAL_NUANCE)
[!END]
[!info] 2023_UT Q23
Investigating ambivalence among English lingua franca users is an opportunity (a) to reassess how they view their linguistic and social belongings as they (b) attempt to make sense of an ever-changing world. For linguistic anthropologists (c) there is a benefit in observing these ambivalent positions and ambiguous dimensions by paying more attention to (d) inconsistencies and seeming contradictory positions. Several languages have acquired lingua franca functions throughout human history and lingua francas are utilized not only in international and cross-cultural contexts (e) but within national boundaries, such as South Africa.
[!end]
[!INFO] 2025_UT Q23
(a) Not all constraints relating to a game need to be shared socially. Sometimes players come up with their own additional rules to make playing (b) more demanded or interested. They may come up with new goals in games that are open ended, or they may decide to make the game easier (c) and ignore some formal rules. Rules, laws, and norms obviously also exist outside of games. In social life, rules have a dual nature. As sociologist Thomas Janoski writes, "Rules are basic to group life, but (d) so is the play of power, the effort to use others to achieve ends even against opposition." Social and societal rules are created, enforced, and violated by people, and they are connected with strategies of domination. Simultaneously, (e) rules order social reality in ways that are not about domination. Janoski argues:
[!end]
[!INFO] 2025_toshin_3 Q25
Preservation groups within India launched a campaign to save the island (a) from the transshipment terminal. Indigenous leaders from Great Nicobar Island also expressed in a letter to the government that "We feel (b) helpless and abandoned and are extremely anxious about our future." The Indian government answered by promising to reforest an area of dry hills in western India (c) that has no relation to the island. Their solution for the islanders is to erect a militarized fence (d) surrounded the project territory to keep crime and poachers away from their settlements. Unfortunately, this fence will also prevent people like the Shompen from using the spaces (e) they have occupied for millennia.
[!end]
[!INFO] 2025_toshin_2 Q21
Why do fitness device makers (a) claim you need to take 10,000 steps every day? Do you also really need to drink eight glasses of water daily? The scientific basis for (b) popular health claims is often thin. A piece in the New York Times, for example, notes that the idea of 10,000 steps (c) is based more on marketing — it was the name of an early pedometer — than science. (d) Data point to clear benefits from moderate exercise — perhaps 7,000 steps or so (e) but not necessary more.
[!end]
[!INFO] 2024_pre_1 Q22
Once they reach a certain size, however, fires simply release (a) too much energy to be fought, explains Alexander Held, a fire ecologist at the European Forest Institute. Water evaporates before (b) it reaches the flames and it becomes impossible to get (c) nearly enough to contain the blaze. In these cases, there is often (d) little to do but wait for changes in weather, wind or topography (e) that might make the fire controllable once more.
2問目 : (b) demanded or interested. → demanded or interesting ”より難しく、面白く(X 興味を惹かれた)”
3問目 : (d) surrounded the project territory → surrounding the project territory ”その用地を囲んでいる(X囲まれた)フェンス”
4問目 : (e) not necessary more. → not necessarily more. "必ずしも(X必要な)それ以上ではない"
5問目 : (c) get nearly enough → get near enough "消火するために十分に近づく ( X 消火するためにほとんど十分な?を得る)"
[!end]
A3 文法的に違う/意味がずれているもの
A3-1 自動詞/他動詞, 動詞 VERB_VALENCY
出現率 : A3-2と合わせて約70%、単体は20%?
見つけやすさ : 難しい
対処方法 : 単語知識 / 消去法
[!NOTE] 自動詞/他動詞, 動詞 の異変パターン
動詞の自動詞/他動詞が違う, 自動詞/他動詞にすると意味が違う
関係詞を展開すると動詞が要求する前置詞(あり/なし)が違う (→A4-1)
[!END]
[!INFO] 2025_realbattle_1 Q24
When a company takes a nosedive like that, (a) we can never pinpoint a single cause of its downfall, so we tend to anthropomorphize it: BlackBerry failed to adapt. Yet (b) adapting a changing environment isn't something a company does — it's something people do (c) in the multitude of decisions they make every day. As the cofounder, president, and co-CEO, Mike was in charge of all the technical and product decisions on the BlackBerry. Although (d) his thinking may have been the spark that ignited the smartphone revolution, (e) his struggles with rethinking ended up sucking the oxygen out of his company and virtually extinguishing his invention. Where did he go wrong?
[!end]
[!INFO] 2024_toshin_1 Q22
For children, learning the word conscience is not like learning the word dog. Conveniently, for dogs (a) we can point visually obvious examples, and a child can easily generalize from poodles to huskies and corgis. It is not even like (b) learning what inner feeling to call thirst. Conscience is not only more abstract, but it has a social dimension: knowledge of community standards. Especially at first, a child (c) will have only basic knowledge of those. Moreover, learning social customs is often (d) not explicit at all, but implicit, since we commonly mimic a behavior (e) without really being aware of doing so.
[!end]
[!INFO] 2023_toshin_4 Q21
We like talking and gossiping because language is a form of grooming. For monkeys and apes, grooming is (a) less a matter of hygiene and more an expression of commitment. Its sense (b) is more that of: "I'd rather be here grooming with you (c) than over there with her." It's an essential feature of all intimate relationships. Language is a kind of grooming at a distance and, in many ways, serves (d) much the same kind of purpose. It allows us to make that all-important statement about commitment: "I find you interesting (e) enough to waste time talking."
[!end]
”自動詞でも他動詞でもあるが、そうすると意味が変わる例”っていうのが多くあって、そう言う意味で、"〇〇は自動詞ではない"とかいう覚え方よりは"〇〇 to という組み合わせだとこう言う意味になるので、バツ"という理解が正しいかもしれない。ただ、これを自信もって言えるかは怪しい。まあこれに関しては関係詞を絡ませるのがあるあるなので、これ自体の出題頻度は低い気がする。
[!warn-] 答え
1問目 : (b) adapting a changing environment → adapting to a changing environment "~に適応する"
2問目 : (a) we can point obvious examples → we can point to obvious examples ”~を示す (point は向くなどという意味)”
3問目 : (e) waste time talking → waste time talking with (talk with →誰かと話す)
[!end]
A3-2 前置詞 PREP_COLLOC
出現率 : A3-2と合わせて約70%
見つけやすさ : 難しい
対処方法 : 単語知識 / 消去法
[!NOTE] 自動詞/他動詞, 動詞 の異変パターン
動詞+前置詞の組み合わせで"意味が変わる/許可されない組み合わせ"である
関係詞を展開すると動詞が要求する前置詞が違う (→A4-1)
[!END]
[!INFO] 2025_UT Q21
A practical way of conceiving rules in general is (a) to account to them as the mechanisms that create consensus among players. They are (b) the framework that is used to agree on what has happened within the game. (c) This idea, put forward by designers Vincent Baker and Emily Care Boss, (d) emerged in online discussions about creating role-playing games. These discussions also recognized the incomplete nature of rules, because (e) it is impossible to create in advance rules to cover all the situations that can emerge in play.
[!end]
[!INFO] 2025_pre_1 Q22
Biology textbooks will tell you that each eukaryotic cell, (a) which constitutes a range of organisms from humans to amoeba, contains a control centre (b) within a structure called the nucleus. Genes present in the nucleus hold the 'information' (c) necessary of the cell to function. And the nucleus, in turn, resides in a jelly-like fluid called the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm contains the cellular organelles, the 'little organs' in the cell; and these organelles, (d) the narrative goes, carry out specific tasks (e) based on instructions provided by the genes.
[!end]
[!INFO] 2025_toshin_2 Q22
Often popular wisdom turns out to be (a) only sort of true. The emphasis on (b) so many steps is one instance. Glasses of water is another. If you (c) let yourself get too thirsty, you (d) may be tempted to reach to sodas or sugary coffee drinks, and that's not good. But a scientific review in 2002 found "no scientific studies" that support the eight-glass claim for healthy adults in a temperate climate. That doesn't mean it's wrong, but it does mean we probably (e) shouldn't worry if we drink only six.
[!end]
[!INFO] 2023_UT Q25
My argument is (a) essentially, but not only, about power and ideology because these concepts have (b) a fundamental impact to the politics of language. The various contexts in which I analyse the ambiguity of the lingua franca status of English are (c) fundamentally based on a dialogue of unequal power relations. Much of this unequal power and politics is due to the simple fact that African people (d) have been discriminated against throughout history. My argument is thus not only linguistic but also about (e) racial identity politics in its multiple forms, with a focus on English lingua franca communication.
1問目 : (a) to account to them → to account for them (account for:説明する, account to someone: 誰かに説明責任を果たす)
2問目 : (c) necessary of the cell → necessary for the cell (細胞に必要, necessary of は存在しない)
3問目 : (d) reach to sodas → reach for sodas (reach to :届く, reach for : 手を伸ばす, 欲しがる)
4問目 : (b) impact to → impact on (impact to は存在しない)
[!end]
A4 : 文の構造が破綻しているもの
A4-1 関係詞 REL_PRONOUN
出現率 : 65%
見つけやすさ : 普通 (prepコロケに還元したやつはやや難)
対処方法 : 還元作業、和訳
[!NOTE] 関係詞 の異変パターン
関係詞の意味が通らない。指しているものがおかしい。 (what, that, why 等)
関係詞がさしているものと前置詞が一致しない。
関係詞の文法が間違っている。(whichの非制限用法/thatを省略してはいけない例等)
[!end]
まずは意味を考えると文が通らなくなるやつ。和訳してくとおかしさがわかります。
[!info] 2023_realbattle_1 Q25
After he sent in the manuscript, Mill bought (a) a house overlooking the cemetery where Harriet was buried, (b) and filled it with furniture from the room in which she'd died. He visited the house every year (c) for the rest of his life. It's a sad scene to imagine — (d) him gazing down at her grave from the window — but the couple left us an intellectual legacy (e) guided humanity another step forward in civilization's advance.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_toshin_1 Q24
When does the word conscience typically enter into our conversation, (a) be it inner voice or outer? By and large, it is when we are in a dilemma; for example, when the law requires one thing, yet conforming to the law (b) would violate other strongly held values, such as truthfulness or fairness. As portrayed in Steven Spielberg's movie Schindler's List, Oskar Schindler (c) regularly broke the law by misleading his Nazi pals about the roster of Jews who worked for him in his factories in German-occupied Poland. (d) To those who did figure out that the workers were Jews, Schindler offered bribes to buy their silence. Normally, of course, breaking the law — not to mention lying and bribing — is regarded as wrong, but sometimes (e) that is why our conscience considers necessary.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_toshin_3 Q25
Neurological studies are shedding light on the intricacies of intelligence (a) at both individual and collective levels. Pioneering research by scientists like Julia Sliwa from the Paris Brain Institute is steering away from the traditional focus on individual cognition and (b) moving towards understanding the neural basis of group intelligence. With the help of brain imaging technologies like electroencephalography, which measures electrical activity in the brain, (c) neuroscientists have discovered what human brains synchronize with one another when people cooperate on a task. This synchronization, observed in humans and other mammals, may be a fundamental mechanism of social intelligence. The extent (d) to which such neural synchronization plays a role in the social intelligence of insects (e) remains an open question for future research.
[!end]
[!warn-] 答え
1問目 (e) legacy that has guided (このままやと"導かれた"になる) (パターン3)
2問目 (e) that is why our conscience considers necessary → that is what our conscience considers necessary (これは良識がなぜ必要とみなすかの理由だ → これは良識が必要とするものだ) (パターン1)
3問目 (c) discovered what → discovered that (後ろが完全な文になっている)
In some traditions of game research, (a) rules are not necessarily intended to be fully binding. In the field of operational gaming, (b) which games are utilized for goal-oriented purposes such as forecasting, testing, and training, gaming is divided into two categories. In rigid-rule gaming, the rules are exactly specified, (c) possibly implemented as a computer program, and not altered after gaming starts, and "(d) every possible combination of players' decisions is thus exactly defined." In free-form gaming, the participants supply some of the rules, and (e) they can sometimes even invent more rules while the game is ongoing.
[!end]
[!info] 2025_toshin_1 Q21
For half a century, the Sernesi family lived (a) in a storied villa overlooking Florence where the Renaissance artist Michelangelo was raised and (b) he later owned. The property (c) came with several buildings, an orchard and a drawing of a muscular male nude etched on the wall of a former kitchen. (d) Tradition has it that the work was drawn by a young Michelangelo, though scholars are (e) not as sure.
[!end]
[!info] 2023_toshin_4 Q24
(a) Men's and women's preferred conversation topics are often radically different because they are playing rather different games. Listen carefully to what they say, and you soon realize that women's (b) conversations are primarily geared to servicing their social networks, building and maintaining a complex web of relationships in a social world (c) that is forever changing. Keeping up to date on everyone's doings is (d) as important as the implicit suggestion that you are a member of the in-group. It's the very hub of the social merry-go-round, (e) the foundation of which society itself is built.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_pre_1 Q23
Fire crews are busier than ever, yet their toolkit (a) no longer seems sufficient. Although the proportion of fires (b) that become large and difficult to contain each year is not increasing, (c) those that do get big are doing more damage. Six of the 20 largest blazes ever seen in California ignited in 2020, (d) that was the worst year for wildfires in the state's history, according to the National Interagency Fire Centre. And the damage they cause is getting worse as more people live in the areas next to forests. Climate change is adding to the woe, as temperatures rise and droughts become more severe (e) in places already prone to burning.
[!end]
還元作業は割と脳死でできます。
[!warn-] 答え
1問目 (c) 逆に The filed in which にする. (パターン2)
2問目 (b) he later owned the villa なので where はおかしい。 which he later owned. (パターン2)
3問目 (e) 還元すると Society itself is built of the foundation になるが, 実際は on the foundation. (パターン2)
Gopnik dislikes the notion that babies are just imperfect, unformed grown-ups. She (a) sees babies as different and, in some ways, (b) more alert to their surroundings than grown-ups and more active learners than scientists. (c) They are designed to learn about the world around them, not just their own specialty field. Developmental psychologists had believed that children didn't develop the ability to take another perspective (d) since they were about seven years old. Gopnik thought decentering — taking another person's perspective — happened much earlier. But she didn't know (e) how to demonstrate that babies have this skill.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_pre_2 Q22 (21も含む)
In 2023, Google awarded a total of US10 million to researchers who found vulnerabilities in its products. Why? Because allowing errors to go undetected (a) could be much costlier. Data breaches could lead to refund claims, reduced customer trust or legal liability. It's not just private technology companies that invest in such bug bounty programmes. Between 2016 and 2021, the US Department of Defense awarded more than US$650,000 to people who found weaknesses in its networks. Just as many industries devote hefty funding to incentivizing people to find and report bugs and glitches, the science community should reward the detection and correction of errors in the scientific literature. In our industry, too, the costs of undetected errors are staggering. (a) That's because I have joined with meta-scientist Ian Hussey at the University of Bern and psychologist Ruben Arslan at Leipzig University in Germany to pilot a bug-bounty programme for science, funded by the University of Bern. Our project, Estimating the Reliability and Robustness of Research (ERROR), (b) pays specialists to check highly cited published papers, starting with the social and behavioural sciences. Our reviewers are paid a base rate of up to 1,000 Swiss francs (around US$1,100) (c) for each paper they check, and a bonus for any errors they find. The bigger the error, (d) the greater the reward — up to a maximum of 2,500 francs. Authors who let us scrutinize their papers are compensated, too: 250 francs (e) to cover the work needed to prepare files or answer reviewer queries, and a bonus 250 francs if no errors (or only minor ones) are found in their work.
[!end]
[!info] 2025_realbattle_1 Q23
Mike Lazaridis (a) dreamed up the idea for the BlackBerry as (b) a wireless communication device for sending and receiving emails. (c) As the summer of 2009, it (d) accounted for nearly half of the U.S. smartphone market. By 2014, its market share had plummeted (e) to less than 1 percent.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_toshin_3 Q24
This perspective has given rise to the term collective intelligence, (a) which was coined by some researchers to describe how groups of animals, such as bee colonies or ant swarms, demonstrate remarkable problem-solving abilities. Arden points out that these collective behaviors (b) are not indicative of individual intelligence. Rather, they arise (c) from a complex interplay of interactions within the group. For example, (d) meanwhile we would not expect a hive of bees to conceptualize a mission to the moon, their collaborative efforts are finely (e) tuned to ensure their survival and success within their ecological niche.
[!end]
[!warn-] 答え
1問目: (d) since → until (7歳になるまで)
2問目 : (a) That's because → That's why (私が始めたのはこういう理由がある。)
3問目 : (c) As the summer of 2009 → As for the summer of / By the summer of
According to Arslanova and her colleagues, the phenomenon may be (a) explained by the fact that pressure sensors in blood vessel walls send signals to the brain and affect (b) its capacity to process incoming information. (c) This increase in sensory impressions could make time feel longer. A similar finding was published in March 2023 by a group of researchers at Cornell University, who (d) focused on differences in time perception between single heartbeats. When that span is longer, they discovered, time feels slower. (e) When there is more time between two beats, time seems to move faster.
[!end]
[!info] 2025_open_1 Q24
If (a) we keep up this pace, orbital space will become unusable — especially the most popular region, low Earth orbit (LEO), (b) which extends up to 2,000 kilometers above Earth's surface. When looking at all orbital regions, we (c) lose services we rely on: continuous communications, GPS mapping, the Internet, Earth monitoring, and more. Today nearly every satellite that is launched (d) is equivalent to a piece of single-use plastic, in that its fate is to become waste. (e) Giving everyone limited access without global coordination and planning means that eventually no one may be able to use orbital space.
[!end]
[!info] 2023_toshin_4 Q25
In contrast, men's conversations seem to be geared (a) as much to advertising as anything else. They talk about themselves or they talk about (b) things they claim to know a lot about. It's a kind of vocal form of the peacock's tail. Peacocks hang about on their mating territories and display their brilliant tails (c) whenever a female goes out of view. Humans, it seems, do all this vocally. Like the peacocks that suddenly raise their tails when a peahen is near, men switch into advertising mode when women are present. Have a listen to the same man when (d) he is talking only to other men and compare it with what he talks about when women are present. When there are women present, his conversational style changes dramatically. (e) It becomes more showy, more designed to stimulate laughter as a response.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_open_1 Q22
Having a quiet conversation at a restaurant (a) is even more likely. According to food research reporting, sound levels average 80 decibels at restaurants in the United States. The more popular, trendy restaurants (b) have sound levels that exceed 90 decibels, which can cause hearing loss before dessert is served. Similarly, (c) you can't go to a coffee shop, grocery store, or even a car dealership without background music, (d) which even at low levels divides attention and makes full comprehension of conversations difficult. The distraction makes customers more vulnerable to pressure from salespeople and (e) more prone to unplanned purchases.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_open_2 Q25 (Q24の段落も)
Gopnik gave fourteen- and eighteen-month-old babies bowls of raw broccoli and Pepperidge Farm Goldfish Crackers and had them try some of each. They all liked the crackers more than the broccoli. Then Gopnik's researcher, Betty Repacholi, took a bit of food from each of the bowls and made either a disgusted face or a happy face. Half the time Repacholi made a disgusted face with the crackers and a happy face with the broccoli, and the other half of the time it was reversed. Repacholi would then (a) put her hand out to the baby and ask for some food. The eighteen-month-old babies would offer the type of food that Repacholi liked, even if it was the broccoli, (b) not the crackers that they liked. The fourteen-month-old babies, however, (c) just got confused when Repacholi showed great interest in the broccoli, and then they offered the crackers. Repacholi and Gopnik demonstrated that eighteen-month-old babies were capable of empathy, (d) but also fourteen-month-olds. The eighteen-month-olds offered Repacholi the food she seemed to like the most. Experiments like this opened (e) the way for psychologists to make discoveries about the way babies think.
3問目 : (c) goes out of view → comes into view (オスはメスが視界に入ってから、メスを誘惑しようと頑張る)
4問目 : (a) more unlikely (レストランで静かな会話をするのはもっと無理だ)
5問目 : (d) but also fourteen-month-olds. → but not fourteen-month-olds. (14ヶ月の子どもも共感を示した→14ヶ月の子供はしかし共感を示さなかった)
[!end]
B-2 並列と比較 : PARALLEL_COMPAR
出現率 : 80%
見つけやすさ : やや難
対処方法 : 内容を理解していく, 和訳
[!NOTE] 比較/並列 の異変パターン
比較の形式が違う. (形式を無視している)
as... asか re... than の形式に見えるがそもそも比較していない.
並列の形式が違う. (具体的には either A or Bなど.)
並列関係にある2つの動詞などが対応していない.
[!end]
比較シリーズ: 2024_UT Q21 は either A or B ですがしょうもなすぎて載せません。
[!info] 2025_pre_1 Q21
When you think about it, it is amazing that (a) something so much tiny as a living cell is (b) capable of behaviour so complex. Consider the single-cell creature, the amoeba. (c) It can sense its environment, move around, obtain its food, (d) maintain its structure, and multiply. How does a cell (e) know how to do all of this?
[!end]
[!info] 2024_UT Q25
Researchers from both groups caution that those experiences are influenced by many factors, (a) including our emotion and attention. They also happen (b) at a totally different scale. As Adam K. Anderson, one of the authors of the March study, explains, however, the new work illuminates how the heart influences the experience of time as it unfolds. He confirms that how the body and brain relate is (c) of growing interest in neuroscience. "People are (d) comfortable with the idea that the brain can influence what the heart does," he says. But reversing that relationship is novel and really fascinating. "Your brain," he adds, "might be listening to patterns in your heart to shape something (e) similarly fundamental as the passage of time."
[!end]
[!info] 2024_toshin_1 Q23
As children grow up, they begin to appreciate (a) that social contexts can be rather subtle, even when they have a decent grasp of community standards. Sometimes a kind lie about someone's (b) singing voice is better than the truth, and sometimes a well-intentioned offer to stack a neighbor's woodpile (c) can be perceived as insulting as their fitness. Some parents (d) allow cursing and some forbid it. Social life is full of subtlety: (e) the things you can say or cannot say, and the best way to say the thing you normally should not say.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_open_1 Q24
The ability to multitask is a misconception. Each input decreases your attention. A psychologist wrote, "The often used phrase 'pay attention' is fitting; you (a) dispose of a limited budget of attention that you can allocate to activities, and if you (b) try to go beyond your budget, you will fail." All this is to say (c) that you must cultivate the right environment if you want to truly listen, (d) which is as much as about a receptive physical space as a receptive state of mind. You need silence and (e) freedom from interruption. There shouldn't be background noise.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_pre_2 Q21
(a) Mill sat alone with her body in their room for a day. He was depressed over the loss of his marriage: "For seven and a half years (b) that blessing was mine. For seven and a half years only!" Later the same month, he sent a manuscript to his publisher, which began with (c) as many words of gratitude to Harriet. He subsequently wrote that she had been more than his muse; she had been his co-author. The book was, he said, "more directly and literally our joint production than anything else (d) which bears my name, for there was not a sentence of it (e) that was not several times gone through by us together." The book's "whole mode of thinking," he continued, "was emphatically hers."
1問目 : (a) something so much tiny as → something as tiny as .
2問目 : (e) something similarly fundamental as the passage of time → something as fundamental as the passage of time .
3問目 : (c) perceived as insulting as their fitness → perceived as insulting to their fitness (fitnessと比較しているのではなく, percieve as の塊だった)
4問目 : (d) which is as much as about → which is as much about 聞くことは物理的空間についてと同じくらい心の状態についてのもの(比較しているものがおかしい)
5問目 : (c) as many words of gratitude to Harriet. → many words of gratitude to Harriet. (ハリエットへのたくさんの感謝の言葉, 比較不要)
[!end]
並列シリーズ
[!info] 2024_open_1 Q23
People (a) haven't made their homes refuges from noise either. Televisions (b) are almost always on. Most people now also have (c) some form of sound system. Streaming services have allowed even those without large music collections to have constant music — excellent for setting a mood but a distraction if you want to listen (d) closely to a family member or friend. While you may think you can ignore these kinds of things, research consistently (e) shows that you cannot be.
[!end]
[!info] 2025_realbattle_1 Q25
Most of us take pride in our knowledge and expertise, and (a) in staying true to our beliefs and opinions. That makes sense in a stable world, (b) where we get rewarded for having conviction in our ideas. The problem is that (c) we live in a rapidly changing world, where we need to (d) spend as much time rethinking as we are thinking. Rethinking is a skill set, but it's also a mindset. We already have many of the mental tools we need. (e) We just have to remember to get them out of the shed and remove the rust.
[!end]
[!info] 2025_open_1 Q25
As (a) we continue to push the boundaries of space exploration and commercialization, there is a growing movement to rethink our approach (b) to using the space environment — to move to a strategy based on careful monitoring (c) and sound waste-management principles. I believe we must leave behind our "linear space economy," where we use and abandon, and (d) to move toward a "circular space economy" — a sustainable way to use space that emphasizes the reuse, recycling, (e) and efficient management of space resources.
[!end]
並列しているものが何かを考え、それらを入れ替えて考えるとわかりやすいです。
[!warn-] 並列 答え
1問目 : (e) you cannot be → you cannot / you cannot do so (1つめのWhileの中に、be動詞となるものは一つもない)
2問目 : (d) as we are thinking → “spend as much time rethinking as (we do) thinking”。後半は動詞省略または do 受け。are thinking は非並列。
3問目 : (d) to move toward →move toward入れ替えるとI believe we must (X to) move toward a ... になる.
Science does and must continually try to bring theory and in fact into closer agreement, and that activity can be seen as testing or as a search for confirmation or disconfirmation.
[!end]
この問題は、答えはinですが、つまりよく見る単語の連なり in fact を紛れ込ませていて、実際は theory and fact (理論と事実) という意味にしたいということです。2000-2010年代の4A(文法)枠は一語除く形式が主流で、それらの問題のなかでこのオチはすごく頻出で、ある意味東大のお家芸だったといえます。さて、現代の4Aにもそれは紛れ込んでいます。
[!info] 2024_toshin_3 Q23
And beyond the different varieties of intelligence among humans, scientists are starting to understand (a) the capacity for intelligence in other species. Rosalind Arden from the London School of Economics and Political Science studies intelligence in humans and canines. She is especially interested in (b) whether enhanced cognitive abilities can predict better than health outcomes within a species. This shift is part of a larger movement in the scientific community (c) that is adopting broader definitions of intelligence: the ability to learn, adapt, and solve species-specific problems that are crucial for survival, for example, or the ability to achieve goals in different ways. And (d) an interesting result of thinking about intelligence in these terms means (e) we can attribute intelligence broadly across a group of individuals, rather than to a single individual alone.
[!end]
[!info] 2023_toshin_4 Q22
Of course, language allows us to go one step beyond mere signals of commitment. It allows us to exchange information. (a) Monkeys and apes are restricted to direct observation when it comes to learning (b) about who might make a good friend and who is unreliable, or who is going out with whom. But we can learn (c) about these things at second thought, and that greatly extends our circle of social knowledge. (d) Take a listen to the conversation next to you. It will soon become clear that most of our conversations (e) are concerned with social doings. Sometimes our own, sometimes other people's.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_open_2 Q21
Alison Gopnik formed a significant insight from (a) a remark made by her two-year-old son. She believed that babies are smarter than people realize. She suspected that (b) in some ways babies could take the perspectives of other people. In psychology, this skill (c) is described as theory of mind — an appreciation (d) that other people have their own minds and preferences. She believed that (e) children make their sense of the world in the same way scientists do, forming stories or theories about how causes work.
[!end]
[!info] 2024_realbatle_2 Q23
Artificial neural networks do this (a) on their own way, by entrusting the representation (b) of mental models to millions of adjustable connections. However, these systems, (c) while capturing the rapid and unconscious recognition of image or speech, are not yet able to represent (d) more concrete hypotheses, such as grammar rules or (e) the logic of mathematical operations.
There is, however, (a) a curious asymmetry in the conversations of men and women. Harry, it seems, (b) likes to talk about Dick, but (c) Sally talks about Susan. "Ah," you say, (d) "everyone's stereotypes are confirmed." Well, yes and no. There's no smoke without fire, of course. But the really interesting question is (e) why it should be like this.
Men's and women's preferred conversation topics are often radically different because they are playing rather different games. Listen carefully to what they say, and you soon realize that women's conversations are primarily geared to servicing their social networks, building and maintaining a complex web of relationships in a social world that is forever changing. Keeping up to date on everyone's doings is as important as the implicit suggestion that you are a member of the in-group. It's the very hub of the social merry-go-round, the foundation on which society itself is built.
In contrast, men's conversations seem to be geared as much to advertising as anything else. They talk about themselves or they talk about things they claim to know a lot about. It's a kind of vocal form of the peacock's tail. Peacocks hang about on their mating territories and display their brilliant tails whenever a female comes into their view. Humans, it seems, do all this vocally. Like the peacocks that suddenly raise their tails when a peahen is near, men switch into advertising mode when women are present. Have a listen to the same man when he is talking only to other men and compare it with what he talks about when women are present. When there are women present, his conversational style changes dramatically. It becomes more showy, more designed to stimulate laughter as a response.
(b) : Harry seems likes to talk about Dick, → Harry seems likes to talk about himself (男のHarry は自分自身について話したがるが、女のSallyはSusanについて話すのが好き。) : つまり この文章全体で述べられているasymmetryに矛盾していて、このままだとただの並列になる。
[!end]
B-5 単語の意味 : LEXICAL_NUANCE
出現率 : 5%未満
見つけやすさ : 無理
対処方法 : 違和感
[!NOTE] 言葉の意味 の異変パターン
単語の意味/ニュアンスが違う
[!end]
[!info] 2025_realbattle_1 Q21 (悪問?)
You probably don't recognize his name, but Mike Lazaridis (a) has had a defined impact on your life. From an early age, it was clear that (b) Mike was something of an electronics wizard. By the time he turned four, he was building his own record player out of Lego and rubber bands. In high school, when his teachers' TVs were broken, (c) they called Mike to fix them. In his spare time, he built a computer and designed a better buzzer for high school quiz-bowl teams, (d) which ended up paying for his first year of college. Just months before finishing his electrical engineering degree, (e) Mike did what so many great entrepreneurs of his era would do: he dropped out of college. It was time for this son of immigrants to make his mark on the world.
Although it is very simple, why these important facts have not attracted any attention of philosophers so far? There have been not less people who defined human being as the animal which learned to laugh.
